Peer-Reviewed Research

The Science is Settled.
The Evidence is Clear.

Fifty years of clinical research on heme iron — from foundational mechanism studies to randomized controlled trials in dialysis patients. Browse, search, and dive into the literature.

26+
Studies Indexed
50yrs
Research Span
15+
Top Journals
6
Research Areas
Showing 26 of 26 studies
renal
↗ Linked 1996

A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin

MacDougal et al
Kidney International · 50(5): 1694-1699

A landmark RCT examining iron supplementation strategies in patients receiving erythropoietin therapy. Demonstrated significant differences in hemoglobin response based on iron formulation.

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renal
↗ Linked 1998

A randomized trial of three iron dextran infusion methods for anemia in EPO-treated dialysis patients

Auerbach et al
American Journal of Kidney Diseases · 31(1): 81-86

Compared three different iron dextran infusion protocols in EPO-treated dialysis patients to establish safety and efficacy benchmarks.

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absorption
↗ Linked 2000

Clinical Studies of HIP: An Oral Heme-Iron Product

Seligman PA, Moore GM, Schleicher RB
Nutrition Research · 20(9): 1279-1286

Landmark clinical trial of heme iron polypeptide (HIP) in 14 subjects: HIP significantly increased iron absorption when taken with a meal versus ferrous fumarate and placebo (p<0.03), and was well tolerated — the foundational human study behind heme iron polypeptide supplements.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1998

Absorption of Heme Iron

Uzel C, Conrad M
Seminars in Hematology · 35(1): 27-34

Foundational review of heme iron absorption mechanisms, covering receptor-mediated endocytosis, mucosal heme oxygenase activity, and clinical implications.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1996

Absorption of hemoglobin iron

Conrad et al
American Journal of Physiology · 211: 1123-1130

Classic study establishing the dedicated pathway for hemoglobin-derived iron absorption, distinct from non-heme iron transport.

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cardio
↗ Linked 1999

Acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease

Herzog C
Kidney International Supplement · 71: S130-3

Reviewed cardiovascular outcomes in ESRD patients, with implications for iron management and anemia correction strategies.

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mechanism
↗ Linked 1979

An Intestinal Receptor for Heme

Gräsbeck et al
Scandinavian Journal of Haematology · 23: 5-9

Pioneering work identifying the intestinal receptor responsible for heme iron uptake — the molecular basis for heme iron's superior absorption.

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cardio
↗ Linked 2001

Blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Wu W, Rathore S, Wang Y, Radford M, Krumhoz H
New England Journal of Medicine · 345(17): 1230-1236

NEJM landmark on transfusion practice in elderly MI patients — informs iron management strategies in cardiovascular populations.

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cardio
↗ Linked 1995

Cardiac function and hematocrit level

Foley et al
American Journal of Kidney Diseases · 25(4) Suppl 1: S3-S7

Examined the relationship between hematocrit levels and cardiac function — supporting the rationale for adequate iron repletion in CKD.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1992

Effect of enhanced erythropoiesis on iron absorption

Skikne BS, Cook JD
Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine · 120(5): 746-751

Demonstrated how erythropoietic activity modulates iron absorption — critical for understanding iron needs during EPO therapy.

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mechanism
↗ Linked 1996

Effects of positive iron status at a cellular level

McCord J
Nutrition Reviews · 54(3): 85-88

Cellular-level analysis of how iron status influences metabolic and oxidative processes — a primer on why iron homeostasis matters.

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nutrition
↗ Linked 1978

Estimation of available dietary iron

Monsen et al
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · 31: 134-141

Established methodology for estimating bioavailable iron from mixed diets — foundational for understanding heme vs. non-heme contributions.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1976

Food iron absorption in human subjects IV — The effect of calcium and phosphate on the absorption of non-heme iron

Monsen et al
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · 29: 1142-1148

Showed how calcium and phosphate inhibit non-heme iron absorption — a key part of heme iron's competitive advantage.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1974

Food iron absorption in man: Application of the two-pool extrinsic tag method to measure heme and nonheme iron absorption from the whole diet

Björn-Rasmussen E, Hallberg L, Isaakson B, Arvidsson B
Journal of Clinical Investigation · 53: 247-255

Pioneered the dual-isotope method for measuring heme and non-heme iron absorption separately — methodological cornerstone of the field.

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absorption
↗ Linked 2002

Initial uptake and absorption of nonheme iron and absorption of heme iron in humans are unaffected by calcium as cheese

Roughead, Zito and Hunt
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · 76(2): 419-25

Modern confirmation that heme iron absorption resists inhibition by dietary calcium — direct support for taking TheHEME® with food.

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mechanism
↗ Linked 1974

Intestinal absorption of hemoglobin iron-heme cleaved by mucosal heme oxygenase

Raffin SB, Woo CH, Roost KT, et al
Journal of Clinical Investigation · 54: 1344-1352

Identified mucosal heme oxygenase as the enzyme that releases iron from absorbed heme — a key mechanistic link in the absorption pathway.

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renal
↗ Linked 1996

Intravenous iron supplementation for anemia of moderate to severe chronic renal failure patients not receiving dialysis

Silverberg et al
American Journal of Kidney Diseases · 27(2): 234-238

IV iron protocols for predialysis CKD patients — establishes the bar oral heme iron must meet.

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mechanism
↗ Linked 1998

Iron absorption and cellular transport: the Mobilferrin/Paraferritin paradigm

Umbriet J, Conrad M, Moore E, Latour L
Seminars in Hematology · 35(1): 12-26

Detailed review of the mobilferrin and paraferritin transport systems that handle absorbed iron at the cellular level.

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absorption
↗ Linked 1962

Iron absorption from the whole diet in men: How effective is the regulation of iron absorption?

Turnbull A et al
Journal of Clinical Investigation · 41: 1897-1907

Early but enduring work on whole-diet iron absorption regulation — established that the body adapts uptake to iron status.

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renal
↗ Linked 1993

Iron management during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic renal failure

Alan Watson
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 33: 1134-1138

Practical guidance on iron status management during EPO therapy in CRF — supports rationale for highly absorbable iron forms.

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renal
↗ Linked 1997

Iron management in end-stage renal disease

Fishbane S, Maesaka J
American Journal of Kidney Diseases · 29(3): 319-333

Comprehensive review of iron management in ESRD, including indications for oral vs. IV supplementation.

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nutrition
↗ Linked 1988

Iron nutrition and absorption: Dietary factors which impact iron bioavailability

Monsen ER
Journal of the American Dietetic Association · 88(7): 786-790

Definitive review of dietary modifiers of iron absorption — phytates, polyphenols, calcium, and ascorbic acid effects.

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renal
↗ Linked 1987

Iron overload, but not treatment with desferrioxamine, favours development of septicemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis

Seifert A, Von Herrath D, Scheafer K
Quarterly Journal of Medicine · 65(248): 1015-1024

Important safety reference: documented infection risks of iron overload in dialysis populations, informing dosing strategies.

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mechanism
1986

Mucosal uptake and intestinal absorption of dietary heme iron

Heinrich HC
Trace Elements in Medicine · 3

Detailed examination of mucosal-level heme iron handling, with quantitative absorption data across populations.

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Backed by science.
Built for real bodies.

The research is unanimous: heme iron absorbs better, with fewer side effects, at lower doses. Try TheHEME® for yourself.